On 18 May 1781, Tupac Amaru II's rebellion came to an abrupt and grisly end. Seized by Spanish forces, the Peruvian muleteer-turned-popular-revolutionary knew the game was up. Still, he refused to go quietly. After Tupac's captors' horses failed to wrench off his limbs, the executioner reached for his axe. 'You kill only me,' legend has Tupac shouting as the blade descended. 'But tomorrow I will return as millions.'

As Laurence Blair's Patria assiduously demonstrates, death rarely has the last word in the 'forgotten continent' of South America. In the case of Tupac, his narrative of a 'Peru for Peruvians', free from colonial oppression, would later be resurrected in radical leftist movements from Uruguay to Venezuela. Even the Black Panthers in 1960s New York managed to shoehorn a space for him - cue the rapper '2Pac'.

Search for stories of native heroes in the official record, however, and they are difficult to find.